Learn what to do in case of minor emergencies and how to act confidently

Having a basic knowledge of what to do in an emergency, whether you are the victim or merely a witness, can be very important. At work and in your daily life, you will often find yourself in situations which, although not serious, may require swift action.

Here are some general guidelines that you will find useful:

• Dressing a wound

Wash your hands with soap and water before doing anything to the wound. Use outward movements so as not to introduce more germs. Do not rub. Do not use cotton wool, which leaves fibres behind through which microbes can get in. Use sterile gauze and apply pressure in case of a bleed. Disinfect using a non-abrasive antiseptic such as povidone-iodine and air dry, if possible.

• Burns

Burns are classified according to their depth and the size of the affected area. A first-degree burn only affects the surface, which goes red. Blisters appear in the case of second-degree burns. If there is necrotic tissue and the subcutaneous tissues, muscles or bones are affected, this is a third-degree burn. In case of third-degree burns, go straight to the emergency department. For first- and second-degree burns, cool the affected area with water. This will help to relieve the pain. In minor cases, such as sunburn, a moisturising cream can help.

• Trauma

A sprain or fracture produces acute pain and functional impotence. An X-ray will confirm the diagnosis. If there is a deformity in the joint or in the bone, do not try to correct it. Take the patient to a medical centre as a matter of urgency. The zone will often swell up immediately and a bruise will form. Apply ice to the site to reduce the inflammation, avoid moving the limb, place it in a raised position and take an analgesic such as paracetamol or ibuprofen to relieve the discomfort.

• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

When a person is unconscious or is not breathing, this is an emergency that requires quick action. Lie the victim flat and confirm that the airways are not restricted. Put your hands together and put them on the centre of the patient’s chest with your arms straight. Press down and then release. Perform a rhythmic massage of around 100 short compressions per minute. If there is anyone else available, he or she should put a hand on the patient’s forehead and raise the chin to stop him or her from swallowing the tongue. Pinch the nose and cover the mouth with yourself and blow until you see the chest rise every 30 compressions. Continue until the patient’s pulse returns or the medical services arrive.

In case of doubt and in serious situations, call 112 and allow them to take action, but remember your help can be essential when time is of the essence.

This post is also available in: Spanish